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General Knowledge 3% exam weight

Science and Technology

Part of the LAT (Law Admission Test) study roadmap. General Knowledge topic gk-7 of General Knowledge.

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Science and Technology

🟢 Lite — Quick Review (1h–1d)

Rapid summary for last-minute revision before your exam.

Science and Technology in LAT General Knowledge tests factual recall at the Matric/Inter level — definitions, inventor–invention pairs, basic formulas, SI units, and awareness of Pakistani scientific bodies. The section carries ~3% weight (≈2–3 MCQs out of 75), so spend time on high-yield recall items rather than derivations.

Must-Know FormulaVariables & Units
F = m × aForce [N] = mass [kg] × acceleration [m/s²]
V = I × RVoltage [V] = current [A] × resistance [Ω] (Ohm’s Law)
E = mc²Energy [J] = mass [kg] × (speed of light)²
KE = ½ m v²Kinetic energy [J] = ½ × mass × velocity²
  • Telephone → Alexander Graham Bell; Penicillin → Alexander Fleming (1928); World Wide Web → Tim Berners-Lee (1989); Pakistan’s nuclear programme → PAEC; space agency → SUPARCO.
  • Pakistan’s first nuclear power plant is KANUPP (Karachi, 1971–72); CHASNUPP came online in 2000.
  • Nobel laureate Abdus Salam won Physics (1979) for electroweak unification theory.

🟡 Standard — Regular Study (2d–2mo)

Standard content for students with a few days to months.

Core Physics and Chemistry Anchors

LAT questions rarely go beyond recalling what each law states, not deriving it. Newton’s three laws cover inertia, F = ma, and action–reaction pairs. In electricity, Ohm’s Law (V = IR) defines the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance; power is P = VI, measured in watts. Chemistry basics rest on atomic structure: protons and neutrons in the nucleus, electrons in shells, isotopes of the same element differing only in neutron count.

Biology and Genetics

Cell theory states that all living organisms are made of cells, the basic unit of life. Photosynthesis converts CO₂ + H₂O into glucose using sunlight; respiration is its reverse. DNA carries the genetic code and is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded and contains uracil instead of thymine — a frequent MCQ trap.

Information Technology and Emerging Tech

LAT MCQs increasingly test terminology: Artificial Intelligence (AI) simulates human decision-making, Machine Learning (ML) is a subset where systems learn from data, and the Internet of Things (IoT) connects everyday devices to the internet. Cyber security protects networks from unauthorised access.

Pakistani Scientific Institutions

| Institution | Full Name | Mandate | | --- | --- --- | --- | | PAEC | Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission | Nuclear energy, cancer hospitals, agriculture | | SUPARCO | Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission | Satellites, space research | | PCSIR | Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | Applied industrial research | | NUST | National University of Sciences and Technology | Engineering & science education | | COMSATS | Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development | Research coordination |

🔴 Extended — Deep Study (3mo+)

Comprehensive coverage for students on a longer study timeline.

Fission Versus Fusion — A Classic Trap

Nuclear fission splits a heavy nucleus (e.g., uranium-235) into smaller fragments, releasing energy; this is what powers KANUPP, CHASNUPP, and current reactors worldwide. Nuclear fusion merges light nuclei (hydrogen isotopes) into helium and is the reaction that powers the Sun — it is not yet commercially harnessed on Earth, though ITER is researching it. Examiners exploit this confusion in options.

Energy and Environment

Renewable sources — solar, wind, hydro, geothermal — replenish naturally; fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) are non-renewable and drive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns, largely from CO₂ and methane buildup. Pakistan’s alternate-energy projects include the Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park (Bahawalpur, 1000 MW).

Modern Frontiers to Recognise

  • CRISPR-Cas9 — gene-editing tool derived from bacterial immune systems.
  • mRNA vaccines — used in COVID-19 immunisation (Pfizer, Moderna).
  • Blockchain — distributed ledger underpinning cryptocurrencies.
  • Semiconductors — materials (silicon, germanium) with conductivity between conductors and insulators; basis of modern electronics.

Common Mistakes in LAT Science MCQs

  1. Crediting Edison for the telephone (it was Bell) or Bell for the light bulb (it was Edison/Tesla).
  2. Treating the newton as an SI base unit — it is derived from kg·m/s².
  3. Confusing SUPARCO (space) with PAEC (atomic energy).
  4. Saying CHASNUPP was Pakistan’s first reactor — KANUPP was.

Practice Prompts

  1. If a 2 kg object accelerates at 3 m/s², what force acts on it? (Answer: F = 6 N.)
  2. Which Pakistani body launched the country’s first communications satellite, PAKSAT-1? (Answer: SUPARCO.)

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