Skip to main content
Microbiology 3% exam weight

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

Part of the FMGE study roadmap. Microbiology topic microb-007 of Microbiology.

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

🟢 Lite — Quick Review (1h–1d)

Rapid summary for last-minute revision before your exam.

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy — Key Facts for FMGE Core concept: Antibiotics work by targeting bacterial-specific pathways not present in human cells High-yield point: Bactericidal vs bacteriostatic distinction determines clinical use ⚡ Exam tip: Most common FMGE question pattern: matching antibiotic class with mechanism of action


🟡 Standard — Regular Study (2d–2mo)

Standard content for students with a few days to months.

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy — FMGE Study Guide

Mechanism of Action

Antimicrobial agents work through several key mechanisms:

1. Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis

  • Beta-lactams (Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems): Bind to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), inhibiting transpeptidation → bactericidal
  • Vancomycin: Inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding D-Ala-D-Ala terminus of peptidoglycan — used for MRSA
  • Bacitracin: Prevents dephosphorylation of bactoprenol

2. Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

  • Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin, Streptomycin): Bind 30S ribosomal subunit → mRNA misreading → bactericidal
  • Tetracyclines: Bind 30S subunit → block tRNA attachment → bacteriostatic
  • Macrolides (Erythromycin, Azithromycin): Bind 50S subunit → block translocation → bacteriostatic
  • Chloramphenicol: Binds 50S → blocks peptidyl transferase → bacteriostatic

3. Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis

  • Quinolones (Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin): Inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV → bactericidal
  • Rifampicin: Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase → bactericidal (used in TB)
  • Metronidazole: Generated free radicals damage DNA → bactericidal (anaerobes)

4. Inhibition of Folic Acid Synthesis

  • Sulfonamides: Compete with PABA for dihydropteroate synthase (bacteriostatic)
  • Trimethoprim: Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase — often combined with sulfamethoxazole (SMX-TMP)

5. Disruption of Cell Membrane Integrity

  • Polymyxins (Colistin): Disrupt outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
  • Daptomycin: Depolarizes cell membrane (Gram-positive only)

Classification of Antibiotics

ClassExamplesMechanismType
PenicillinsAmoxicillin, AmpicillinCell wall inhibitionBactericidal
CephalosporinsCeftriaxone, CefotaximeCell wall inhibitionBactericidal
CarbapenemsMeropenem, ImipenemCell wall inhibitionBactericidal
AminoglycosidesGentamicin, Amikacin30S inhibitionBactericidal
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin, LevofloxacinDNA gyrase inhibitionBactericidal
MacrolidesAzithromycin, Erythromycin50S inhibitionBacteriostatic

Key Pharmacokinetic Principles

  • Time-dependent antibiotics: Efficacy depends on duration above MIC (Beta-lactams)
  • Concentration-dependent antibiotics: Efficacy depends on peak concentration/MIC ratio (Aminoglycosides, Quinolones)
  • Post-antibiotic effect (PAE): Persistent effect after drug levels fall below MIC

Spectrum of Activity

Narrow spectrum: Penicillin G, Vancomycin Broad spectrum: Ceftriaxone, Carbapenems Extended spectrum: Covers Gram-negatives including Pseudomonas

Important patterns for FMGE:

  • Gram-positive cocci → Vancomycin, Linezolid
  • Gram-negative rods → Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin
  • Anaerobes → Metronidazole, Clindamycin
  • Pseudomonas → Piperacillin-tazobactam, Ceftazidime

Resistance Mechanisms

  1. Enzyme inactivation: Beta-lactamases destroy beta-lactam ring (plasmid-mediated TEM, SHV enzymes)
  2. Altered target site: MRSA has altered PBP (mecA gene)
  3. Decreased permeability: Gram-negative outer membrane barrier
  4. Active efflux: Efflux pumps remove drug from cell
  5. Bypass of pathway: Alternative folate synthesis

Combination Therapy

Justified in:

  • Serious infections with unknown pathogen (empiric therapy)
  • Polymicrobial infections (intra-abdominal)
  • To prevent emergence of resistance (TB treatment)
  • Synergy (Gentamicin + Penicillin for Enterococcus)

Essential Points for FMGE

  • Bactericidal: Beta-lactams, Aminoglycosides, Quinolones, Metronidazole, Vancomycin
  • Bacteriostatic: Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Sulfonamides
  • Higher MIC in presence of competitive substrate (important for sulfa drugs)
  • Remember: CSF penetration requires lipophilic drugs or inflamed meninges

Content adapted based on your selected roadmap duration. Switch tiers using the selector above.