Skip to main content
Pharmacology 3% exam weight

Drug Interactions

Part of the NEET PG study roadmap. Pharmacology topic pharma-008 of Pharmacology.

Drug Interactions

🟢 Lite — Quick Review (1h–1d)

Drug Interactions — Key Facts for NEET PG

Pharmacokinetic Interactions:

  • Absorption: Antacids (Mg/Al) ↓ absorption of Fluoroquinolones, Iron, Tetracyclines — space 2h apart
  • Protein binding: Warfarin displaced by NSAIDs, Sulfonamides → increased free warfarin → bleeding risk
  • Metabolism: Cimetidine inhibits CYP450; Phenytoin, Rifampicin induce CYP450
  • Excretion: Probenecid blocks renal secretion of Methotrexate, Penicillins

Pharmacodynamic Interactions:

  • Synergism: Warfarin + Aspirin → ↑ bleeding risk
  • Antagonism: Naloxone reverses opioid effects
  • Potentiation: ACE inhibitors + Potassium-sparing diuretics → hyperkalemia

High-yield point: Know the classic CYP450 inducers (Rifampicin, Phenytoin, Carbamazepine) and inhibitors (Cimetidine, Ketoconazole, Erythromycin)


🟡 Standard — Regular Study (2d–2mo)

Drug Interactions — NEET PG Study Guide

Mechanisms of Interaction:

TypeMechanismExample
PK — AbsorptionChelation, pH changeTetracycline + Iron
PK — Protein bindingDisplacement from albuminWarfarin + NSAID
PK — MetabolismCYP450 induction/inhibitionRifampicin + OCP
PK — ExcretionRenal tubular secretionProbenecid + Methotrexate
PD — SynergismAdditive/amplified effectEthanol + Diazepam
PD — AntagonismOpposing effectsFlumazenil + BDZ

Cytochrome P450 System (High-Yield):

  • CYP3A4: Most drugs metabolized; inhibited by Erythromycin, Ketoconazole
  • CYP2D6: Beta-blockers, antidepressants; inhibited by Quinidine
  • CYP1A2: Theophylline, Caffeine; induced by Smoking

Study strategy: Make a table of inducers vs inhibitors with drug examples — frequently asked in NEET PG


🔴 Extended — Deep Study (3mo+)

Drug Interactions — Comprehensive NEET PG Notes

Detailed Classification:

1. Absorption Interactions:

  • Chelation: Fluoroquinolones + multivalent cations (Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg) — form insoluble complexes
  • Gut motility: Anticholinergics ↓ Metoclopramide absorption; Prokinetics ↑ other drug absorption
  • pH effect: H2 blockers, PPIs affect absorption of drugs needing acidic pH (Ketoconazole, Iron)

2. Metabolism-Based Interactions:

InducerSubstrateClinical Effect
RifampicinOCP, WarfarinTreatment failure, ↓ INR
PhenytoinOCP, WarfarinTreatment failure
CarbamazepineOCP, many AEDsTreatment failure
InhibitorSubstrateClinical Effect
CimetidineWarfarin, Phenytoin↑ levels, toxicity
ErythromycinTheophylline, Statins↑ levels, toxicity
KetoconazoleMany drugs↑ levels

3. Excretion Interactions:

  • Urinary alkalinization: ↑ excretion of acidic drugs (Salicylates, Barbiturates)
  • Urinary acidification: ↑ excretion of basic drugs (Amphetamines, TCA)
  • Probenecid: Competitively inhibits renal secretion of Methotrexate, Penicillins, Cephalosporins

4. Pharmacodynamic — Additive/Synergistic:

  • CNS depressants: Benzodiazepines + Opioids + Alcohol → respiratory depression (avoid)
  • Anticholinergics + Antihistamines: Additive anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, blur, urinary retention)
  • ACEi + K+ supplements: Life-threatening hyperkalemia

Clinical Scenarios Frequently Asked:

  • Warfarin + Metronidazole → ↑ INR (CYP2C9 inhibition)
  • Theophylline + Erythromycin → Theophylline toxicity
  • Methotrexate + Probenecid → Methotrexate toxicity
  • OCP + Rifampicin → Contraceptive failure

Practice: Attempt previous year questions on drug interactions — this is a high-yield area for NEET PG


Content adapted based on your selected roadmap duration. Switch tiers using the selector above.